Radiation is a kind of energy that is released from unstable radioactive elements. Radiation comes from energy waves or energized particles. The two types of radiation are ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
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The dangers of radiation exposure depends on the dosage. Radiation dosage is typically measured in sieverts. A sievert is the official SI measure of ionizing radiation. One sievert equal 100 rem, another method (non-SI) of measuring radiation.
Ionizing Radiation
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Ionizing radiation is the more dangerous form of radiation. It has so much energy that electrons are thrown out of its atoms. It is typically high-frequency waves, such as gamma and x-rays. This kind of radiation has the ability to increase cancer by a few percent and damage DNA. It is found in x-rays, in nuclear power plants, and in space. Astronauts have to find ways to protect themselves from ionizing radiation in space, since it is expelled from the Sun in the form of solar flares and from interstellar space in the form of cosmic rays.
Non-Ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing radiation is the lesser dangerous form of radiation. It has enough energy to vibrate atoms, but not expel electrons. Radio waves, visible light, and microwaves are forms of non-ionizing radiation.
Effects on the Body
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Radiation exposure is cumulative. Vulnerable organs include the eyes, thyroid, lungs, stomach, reproductive organs, skin, and bone marrow. Tolerable levels that are experienced by certain people on a normal basis range from 0.1 mSv to 20 mSv. Levels of moderate risk range from 100 mSv to 1,000 mSv. Immediately dangerous doses range from 2,000 mSv to 10,000 mSv.